South Africa’s HIV treatment programme: a phoenix rising from the ashes

Commentary by Leigh Johnson

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Ruffieux, Yann; Dhokotera, Tafadzwa; Muchengeti, Mazvita; Bartels, Lina; Olago, Victor et al. (2021). Cancer risk in adolescents and young adults living with HIV in South Africa: a nationwide cohort study. The Lancet. HIV, S. S2352- 3018(21)00158-2. http://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00158-2.

Zaniewski, Elizabeth; Brazier, Ellen; Ostinelli, Cam Ha Dao; Wood, Robin; Osler, Meg et al. (2021). Regression discontinuity analysis demonstrated varied effect of Treat-All on CD4 testing among Southern African countries. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, S. S0895- 4356(21)00281- X. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.09.001.

Enane, Leslie A.; Apondi, Edith; Aluoch, Josephine; Bakoyannis, Giorgos; Lewis Kulzer, Jayne et al. (2021). Social, economic, and health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescents retained in or recently disengaged from HIV care in Kenya. PloS One, 16 (9), S. e0257210. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257210.

Onovo, Amobi; Kalaiwo, Abiye; Katbi, Moses; Ogorry, Otse; Jaquet, Antoine et al. (2021). Geographical Disparities in HIV Seroprevalence Among Men Who Have Sex with Men and People Who Inject Drugs in Nigeria: Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 7 (5), S. e19587. http://doi.org/10.2196/19587.

Jaquet, Antoine; Boni, Simon; Tchounga, Boris; Comoe, Kouassi; Tanon, Aristophane et al. (2021). Changes in HIV-Related Cervical Cancer Over a Decade in Côte d’Ivoire. JCO Global Oncology, 7, S. 782–789. http://doi.org/10.1200/GO.21.00006.

Boni, Simon P.; Gnahatin, Franck; Comoé, Jean-Claude; Tchounga, Boris; Ekouevi, Didier et al. (2021). Barriers and facilitators in cervical cancer screening uptake in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire in 2018: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cancer, 21 (1), S. 952. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08650-6.

Semeere, Aggrey; Byakwaga, Helen; Laker-Oketta, Miriam; Freeman, Esther; Busakhala, Naftali et al. (2021). Feasibility of Rapid Case Ascertainment for Cancer in East Africa: An Investigation of Community-Representative Kaposi Sarcoma in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy. Cancer Epidemiology, 74, S. 101997. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2021.101997.

Jiamsakul, Awachana; Azwa, Iskandar; Zhang, Fujie; Yunihastuti, Evy; Ditangco, Rossana et al. (2020). Treatment modification after second-line failure among people living with HIV in the Asia-Pacific. Antiviral Therapy, 25 (7), S. 377–387. http://doi.org/10.3851/IMP3388.

Herbert, S.; Puhr, R.; Petoumenos, K.; Lewis, D. A.; Varma, R. et al. (2021). Characteristics of heterosexually-acquired compared to homosexually-acquired HIV and implications for clinical practice: results from the Australian HIV Observational Database. AIDS Care, S. 1–7. http://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2021.1884181.

Ruffieux, Yann; Dhokotera, Tafadzwa; Muchengeti, Mazvita; Bartels, Lina; Olago, Victor et al. (2021). Cancer risk in adolescents and young adults living with HIV in South Africa: a nationwide cohort study. The Lancet HIV, S. S2352301821001582. http://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00158-2.

Davy-Mendez, Thibaut; Napravnik, Sonia; Eron, Joseph J.; Cole, Stephen R.; van Duin, David et al. (2021). Current and Past Immunodeficiency Are Associated With Higher Hospitalization Rates Among Persons on Virologically Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy for up to 11 Years. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 224 (4), S. 657–666. http://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa786.

Tierney, William M.; Rotich, Joseph K.; Hannan, Terry J.; Siika, Abraham M.; Biondich, Paul G. et al. (2007). The AMPATH medical record system: creating, implementing, and sustaining an electronic medical record system to support HIV/AIDS care in western Kenya. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 129 (Pt 1), S. 372–376.

Yiannoutsos, Constantin T.; An, Ming-Wen; Frangakis, Constantine E.; Musick, Beverly S.; Braitstein, Paula et al. (2008). Sampling-Based Approaches to Improve Estimation of Mortality among Patient Dropouts: Experience from a Large PEPFAR-Funded Program in Western Kenya. PLoS ONE, 3 (12), S. e3843. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003843.

Vreeman, Rachel C.; Wiehe, Sarah E.; Ayaya, Samwel O.; Musick, Beverly S. & Nyandiko, Winstone M. (2008). Association of Antiretroviral and Clinic Adherence With Orphan Status Among HIV-Infected Children in Western Kenya. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 49 (2), S. 163–170. http://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e318183a996.

Geng, Elvin H. (2008). Sampling-Based Approach to Determining Outcomes of Patients Lost to Follow-Up in Antiretroviral Therapy Scale-Up Programs in Africa. JAMA, 300 (5), S. 506. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.5.506.

Were, M. C.; Sutherland, J. M.; Bwana, M.; Ssali, J.; Emenyonu, N. et al. (2008). Patterns of care in two HIV continuity clinics in Uganda, Africa: a time-motion study. AIDS Care, 20 (6), S. 677–682. http://doi.org/10.1080/09540120701687067.

Braitstein, Paula; Nyandiko, Winstone; Vreeman, Rachel; Wools-Kaloustian, Kara; Sang, Edwin et al. (2009). The Clinical Burden of Tuberculosis Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children in Western Kenya and the Impact of Combination Antiretroviral Treatment. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 28 (7), S. 626–632. http://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31819665c5.

Seebregts, Christopher J.; Mamlin, Burke W.; Biondich, Paul G.; Fraser, Hamish S. F.; Wolfe, Benjamin A. et al. (2009). The OpenMRS Implementers Network. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 78 (11), S. 711–720. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2008.09.005.

Kigozi, Isaac M.; Dobkin, Loren M.; Martin, Jeffrey N.; Geng, Elvin H.; Muyindike, Winnie et al. (2009). Late-Disease Stage at Presentation to an HIV Clinic in the Era of Free Antiretroviral Therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 52 (2), S. 280–289. http://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181ab6eab.

Nyandiko, MasterWM; Mwangi, A.; Ayaya, So; Nabakwe, Ec; Tenge, Cn et al. (2010). Characteristics of HIV-infected children seen in Western Kenya. East African Medical Journal, 86 (8). http://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v86i8.54156.

An, Ming-Wen; Frangakis, Constantine E.; Musick, Beverly S. & Yiannoutsos, Constantin T. (2009). The Need for Double-Sampling Designs in Survival Studies: An Application to Monitor PEPFAR. Biometrics, 65 (1), S. 301–306. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2008.01043.x.

Yiannoutsos, Constantin T. (2009). Modeling AIDS survival after initiation of antiretroviral treatment by Weibull models with changepoints. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 12 (1), S. 9–9. http://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2652-12-9.

Wools-Kaloustian, Kara; Kimaiyo, Silvester; Musick, Beverly; Sidle, John; Siika, Abraham et al. (2009). The impact of the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief on expansion of HIV care services for adult patients in western Kenya. AIDS, 23 (2), S. 195–201. http://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831cc0e6.

Tierney, William M.; Achieng, Marion; Baker, Elaine; Bell, April; Biondich, Paul et al. (2010). Experience implementing electronic health records in three East African countries. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 160 (Pt 1), S. 371–375.

Siika, A. M.; Wools-Kaloustian, K.; Mwangi, A. W.; Kimaiyo, S. N.; Diero, L. O. et al. (2010). Risk factors for death in HIV-infected adult African patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy. East African Medical Journal, 87 (11), S. 443–451.

Geng, Elvin H.; Nash, Denis; Kambugu, Andrew; Zhang, Yao; Braitstein, Paula et al. (2010). Retention in Care among HIV-Infected Patients in Resource-Limited Settings: Emerging Insights and New Directions. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 7 (4), S. 234–244. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-010-0061-5.

Geng, Elvin H.; Bwana, Mwebesa B.; Kabakyenga, Jerome; Muyindike, Winnie; Emenyonu, Nneka I. et al. (2010). Diminishing Availability of Publicly Funded Slots for Antiretroviral Initiation among HIV-Infected ART-Eligible Patients in Uganda. PLoS ONE, 5 (11), S. e14098. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014098.

Brinkhof, Martin W. G.; Spycher, Ben D.; Yiannoutsos, Constantin; Weigel, Ralf; Wood, Robin et al. (2010). Adjusting Mortality for Loss to Follow-Up: Analysis of Five ART Programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS ONE, 5 (11), S. e14149. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014149.

Ochieng-Ooko, Vincent; Ochieng, Daniel; Sidle, John E.; Holdsworth, Margaret; Wools-Kaloustian, Kara et al. (2010). Influence of gender on loss to follow-up in a large HIV treatment programme in western Kenya. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 88 (9), S. 681–688. http://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.09.064329.

Braitstein, Paula; Katshcke, Adrian; Shen, Changyu; Sang, Edwin; Nyandiko, Winstone et al. (2010). Retention of HIV-infected and HIV-exposed children in a comprehensive HIV clinical care programme in Western Kenya: Paediatric retention in HIV care. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 15 (7), S. 833–841. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02539.x.

Geng, Elvin H.; Glidden, David V.; Emenyonu, Nneka; Musinguzi, Nicolas; Bwana, Mwebwesa Bosco et al. (2010). Tracking a sample of patients lost to follow-up has a major impact on understanding determinants of survival in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in Africa: Sampling-based estimates of determinants of mortality in HIV-infected patients on ART in Africa. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 15, S. 63–69. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02507.x.

Were, Martin C.; Emenyonu, Nneka; Achieng, Marion; Shen, Changyu; Ssali, John et al. (2010). Evaluating a scalable model for implementing electronic health records in resource-limited settings. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 17 (3), S. 237–244. http://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.2009.002303.

Nyandiko, Winstone M.; Otieno-Nyunya, Boaz; Musick, Beverly; Bucher-Yiannoutsos, Sherri; Akhaabi, Pamela et al. (2010). Outcomes of HIV-Exposed Children in Western Kenya: Efficacy of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission in a Resource-Constrained Setting. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 54 (1), S. 42–50. http://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181d8ad51.

Geng, Elvin H.; Bangsberg, David R.; Musinguzi, Nicolas; Emenyonu, Nneka; Bwana, Mwebesa Bosco et al. (2010). Understanding Reasons for and Outcomes of Patients Lost to Follow-Up in Antiretroviral Therapy Programs in Africa Through a Sampling-Based Approach. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 53 (3), S. 405–411. http://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181b843f0.

Braitstein, Paula; Ayuo, Paul; Mwangi, Ann; Wools-Kaloustian, Kara; Musick, Beverly et al. (2010). Sustainability of First-Line Antiretroviral Regimens: Findings From a Large HIV Treatment Program in Western Kenya. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 53 (2), S. 254–259. http://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181b8f26e.

Tuboi, Suely Hiromi; Pacheco, Antonio Guilherme; Harrison, Lee H.; Stone, Roslyn A.; May, Margaret et al. (2010). Mortality Associated With Discordant Responses to Antiretroviral Therapy in Resource-Constrained Settings. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 53 (1), S. 70–77. http://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181c22d19.

Kosgei, Rose J.; Lubano, Kizito M.; Shen, Changyu; Wools-Kaloustian, Kara K.; Musick, Beverly S. et al. (2011). Impact of Integrated Family Planning and HIV Care Services on Contraceptive Use and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 58 (5), S. e121–e126. http://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e318237ca80.

Moore, David M.; Yiannoutsos, Constantin T.; Musick, Beverly S.; Tappero, Jordan; Degerman, Richard et al. (2011). Determinants of Early and Late Mortality Among HIV-Infected Individuals Receiving Home-Based Antiretroviral Therapy in Rural Uganda. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 58 (3), S. 289–296. http://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182303716.

Chi, Benjamin H.; Yiannoutsos, Constantin T.; Westfall, Andrew O.; Newman, Jamie E.; Zhou, Jialun et al. (2011). Universal Definition of Loss to Follow-Up in HIV Treatment Programs: A Statistical Analysis of 111 Facilities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. PLoS Medicine, 8 (10), S. e1001111. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001111.

Geng, Elvin H.; Hunt, Peter W.; Diero, Lameck O.; Kimaiyo, Sylvester; Somi, Geofrey R. et al. (2011). Trends in the clinical characteristics of HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania between 2002 and 2009. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 14 (1), S. 46. http://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2652-14-46.

Geng, Elvin H.; Glidden, David V.; Bwana, Mwebesa Bosco; Musinguzi, Nicolas; Emenyonu, Nneka et al. (2011). Retention in Care and Connection to Care among HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Africa: Estimation via a Sampling-Based Approach. PLoS ONE, 6 (7), S. e21797. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021797.

Braitstein, Paula; Songok, Julia; Vreeman, Rachel C.; Wools-Kaloustian, Kara K.; Koskei, Pamela et al. (2011). “Wamepotea” (They Have Become Lost): Outcomes of HIV-Positive and HIV-Exposed Children Lost to Follow-Up From a Large HIV Treatment Program in Western Kenya. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 57 (3), S. e40–e46. http://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182167f0d.

Braithwaite, R. Scott; Nucifora, Kimberly A.; Yiannoutsos, Constantin T.; Musick, Beverly; Kimaiyo, Sylvester et al. (2011). Alternative antiretroviral monitoring strategies for HIV-infected patients in east Africa: opportunities to save more lives? Journal of the International AIDS Society, 14 (1), S. 38. http://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2652-14-38.

Egger, Matthias; Spycher, Ben D.; Sidle, John; Weigel, Ralf; Geng, Elvin H. et al. (2011). Correcting Mortality for Loss to Follow-Up: A Nomogram Applied to Antiretroviral Treatment Programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Medicine, 8 (1), S. e1000390. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000390.

Bell, April J.; Wools-Kaloustian, Kara; Kimaiyo, Sylvester; Liu, Hai; Katschke, Adrian et al. (2012). Short-Term Rationing of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: Impact on Morbidity, Mortality, and Loss to Follow-Up in a Large HIV Treatment Program in Western Kenya. AIDS Research and Treatment, 2012, S. 1–9. http://doi.org/10.1155/2012/814564.

Yiannoutsos, Constantin Theodore; Johnson, Leigh Francis; Boulle, Andrew; Musick, Beverly Sue; Gsponer, Thomas et al. (2012). Estimated mortality of adult HIV-infected patients starting treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 88 (Suppl 2), S. i33–i43. http://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2012-050658.

Amerson, Erin; Buziba, Nathan; Wabinga, Henry; Wenger, Megan; Bwana, Mwebesa et al. (2012). Diagnosing Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) in East Africa: how accurate are clinicians and pathologists? Infectious Agents and Cancer, 7 (S1), S. P6, 1750-9378-7-S1-P6. http://doi.org/10.1186/1750-9378-7-S1-P6.

Semeere, Aggrey S.; Busakhala, Naftali & Martin, Jeffrey N. (2012). Impact of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma in resource-rich and resource-limited settings. Current Opinion in Oncology, 24 (5), S. 522–530. http://doi.org/10.1097/CCO.0b013e328355e14b.

Geng, E. H.; Glidden, D. V.; Bangsberg, D. R.; Bwana, M. B.; Musinguzi, N. et al. (2012). A Causal Framework for Understanding the Effect of Losses to Follow-up on Epidemiologic Analyses in Clinic-based Cohorts: The Case of HIV-infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Africa. American Journal of Epidemiology, 175 (10), S. 1080–1087. http://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr444.

Zhou, Jialun; Jaquet, Antoine; Bissagnene, Emmanuel; Musick, Beverly; Wools‐Kaloustian, Kara et al. (2012). Short‐term risk of anaemia following initiation of combination antiretroviral treatment in HIV‐infected patients in countries in sub‐Saharan Africa, Asia‐Pacific, and central and South America. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 15 (1), S. 5–5. http://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2652-15-5.