U.S. studies have estimated that as many as 60% of HIV-infected adolescents suffer from depression, anxiety, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and it is widely thought that these conditions contribute to the high rates of poor adherence and treatment failure seen in this population. As part of TREAT Asia’s initiative to address the mental health concerns of adolescents living with HIV in Asia, a new study funded through the US National Institutes of Health IeDEA collaboration is evaluating the prevalence and clinical course of depression and anxiety in Thai adolescents with HIV.